Sunday, January 26, 2020

Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid

Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric Acid Aim: To investigate how the rate of reaction between Sodium Thiosulphate and Hydrochloric acid is affected by changing the concentration. Background: THE REACTION: when Sodium Thiosulphate reacts with hydrochloric acid sulphur is produced. The sulphur forms in very small particles and causes the solution to cloud over and turn a yellow colour. This causes the cross to fade and eventually disappear. Sodium Thiosulphate + Hydrochloric acid  »Ã‚ » Sulphur + Sodium Chloride + Sulphur Dioxide + Water NA2S2O3 + 2HCL  »Ã‚ » S + 2NaCl + SO2 + H2O (aq) + (aq)  »Ã‚ » (s) + (aq) + (g) + (l) PREDICTION: As the concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate increases the length of time for cross to disappear decreases (inverse). This is because the increase of concentration of Sodium Thiosulphate will increase the rate of reaction between Hydrochloric acid and sodium Thiosulphate particles. SCIENTIFIC REASONS FOR PREDICTION: the results from preliminary experiments support the prediction made. From the results you can see that there is a directly proportional relationship between the concentration and the rate of reaction. If you increase the concentration then the rate of reaction will also increase. METHOD: 1. Set up apparatus as in preliminary experiment. 2. Record the temperature of the room. 3. Add the first of the concentrations of sodium Thiosulphate to the flask. As you add 10cm3 of HCL and start the stopwatch 4. Watch the solution as it clouds over. Once the cross has disappeared stop the clock. 5. Record the time in a results table 6. Repeat the above steps for the other concentration of sodium Thiosulphate. Repeat the experiment 3 times for each of the concentrations. 7. Record all results in a table and work out the rate by dividing 1 by the average time for each. This extract was taken from the link below: This experiment is testing how the rate of reaction is affected when concentration is changed. The theory is said that increasing the concentration can increase the rate of reaction by increasing the rate of molecular collisions. The phenomenon behind all of this is the collision theory and how it plays a big role in this investigation. The higher the concentration the less time/faster it will take for the system to turn into equilibrium, and if concentration id decreased, time taken for the solution to go cloudy increases. Hypothesis: The higher the concentration the faster the rate of reaction will be and the time taken to reach equilibrium will decrease. A more diluted concentration will have a longer rate of reaction and a longer time to reach equilibrium. Apparatus: Method: Gathered all the apparatus needed for the experiment. Using a weight balance we measure out 8g of Sodium thiosulphate, that we added too 200cm ³ of water. We mixed the solution until all the crystals were dissolved. Then you pour 50 cm ³, 40 cm ³, 30 cm ³, 20 cm ³, and 10 cm ³ of the solution into five identical conical flasks. Then you add water to the other conical flasks so that the total volume in each flask in 50 cm ³. Make sure to label the flasks so you know which one has so much concentration. Once thats done, you must now take a beaker and add 35 cm ³ of concentrated Hydrochloric acid to 65 cm ³ of water to make a diluted solution. Now take a piece of paper and draw a black cross on it, and then place one of the flasks on the paper (do one flask at a time). Using a measuring cylinder measure out 5 cm ³ of the hydrochloric solution, and add this to the flask. Immediately stir the flask and start the stop watch. One person should do this part. As soon as you cant see the cross any more stop the stopwatch, and record the results in a table. Repeat this with all the flasks. Results: Concentration (cm ³) Time (s) Rate of reaction (s) 50 24.9 0.04 40 + water 32 0.0313 30 + water 42.2 0.0237 20 + water 74.07 0.0135 10 + water 202.8 0.0049 The rate of reaction is measured by dividing 1 by the time taken for the reaction to take place. Number of moles of sulphur used: n= m/M n= 8/32 = 0.25 mols Discussion: You can see from the graph that as concentration increases, the time taken for the solution to go cloudy decreases. So the stronger the concentration the faster the rate of reaction is. As the concentration of sodium Thiosulphate decrease the time taken for the cross to disappear increases, this is an inverse relationship.When equilibrium was reached the solutions turned a yellow color, the stronger the concentration was the higher the turbidity was. When equilibrium was reached SO2 gas and water were released. The more concentrated solution has more molecules, which more collision will occur. So therefore the rate of reaction should depend on how frequently the molecules collide, so more molecules have greater collisions and the reaction happens faster as more products are made in a shorter time. All related to the collision theory. What we saw what happened was exactly what we expected from the experiment. Our predictions were accurate. Evaluation: The method we used was fairly accurate, our results werent perfect but they were good enough for us to see what happens during the experiment. So overall the results proved the hypothesis and I was able to draw graphs with a line of best fit. In our experiment we keep the HCL a constant, and also keeping the volume of the solution was important to get more accurate results. The results were fairly reliable under our conditions. They could be a bit off from bad measuring, unclean equipment and the timing. Conclusion: When the concentration of Sodium thiosulphate was increased the rate of reaction increased and the time taken to reach equilibrium decreased, so therefore the rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration. Bibliography: azete.com/view/48253 6 September 2009 woodrow.org/teachers/ci/1986/exp19.html 9 September 2009

Saturday, January 18, 2020

Future India

Below is a free essay on â€Å"India's Future† from Anti Essays, your source for free research papers, essays, and term paper examples. About twenty-five years ago, our then Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi had started to remind us that India is too early to reach Ikkisvi. We have twenty-first century. Where is the twenty-first century India, how, how is going to be, where to reach – it is a vivid theme. It will consider some aspects of it. Certainly in the new century is a lot of things were looking very bright.Than in the past twenty years or fifty years ahead of India is visible. Such revolutions are many. The computer revolution is under way. Mobile revolution is – now the poor man's pocket to get a cell phone. A? tomobail revolution is under way. There was a time when the scooter had to find the number, he'd get to Blake. There were only two models of cars – Ambassador and Fiat. Now go to the showroom, favorite Mothers  of Dal Motrsaikl or bring the car up. Ever-  Mothersare coming to market is dull. See the cars on the street cars.Forlen roads – is being Sikslen. Highway, Expressway talks to the smooth air vehicles on the roads. â€Å"Forlen the word the child – Bchchee is up to the tongue. There is a similar revolution in education. First Engineering, Medical, B. Ed. College used to be counted. Today – a city of ten – ten college and those seats are empty. Initiatives were selected convent school, now England Medium School Street – the street, the neighborhood is exposed. Our national income, six, seven, eight per cent growth rate is increasing.In 2007-08 came the blow of the recession in the world, he could not impress us much. In the meantime we have to make atomic bombs. We are dreaming of becoming a world superpower. United Nations Security Council non-permanent members have become, to become a permanent member of the hand – are scrambling. Obamaji to be grateful for, the dream tha t we are expected to be completed. Ckacand darkness behind But the glitter seems a hollow. Ckacand behind the middle of a dark – comes across the remains. As such, a few days before the Global Hunger Index (Global†¦

Friday, January 10, 2020

Me Imperturbe- Walt Whitman Essay

The word imperturbe means care-free. The title of the poem, Me Imperturbe, means I am carefree. The poem starts off with Walt standing out in nature. As Walt stands out in nature he feels as if he is the master of everything and still has confidence even as the world is in turmoil. These things inspire him to find peace, the will to do things, and silence. When he is out in Nature, things such as â€Å"occupation, poverty, notoriety, foibles, crimes† (line 4) are not as important as they are made out to be. Walt wants to be on a permanent vacation, â€Å"Me toward the Mexican sea, or in the Mannahatta or the Tennessee†( line 6) are some of the places that he wants to be. If he wanted to become â€Å"A river man, or a man of the woods or any farm-life of these† (line 8) then he would do it. He could live in the â€Å"States or of the coast, or the lakes or Kanada† (line 9). Walt is saying that wherever he lives, he always has a backup plan and is going to t ake things as they come. In this poem, Walt wants to live prehistoric out in nature and feels as if this is the best way to do it. He wants to live his life the way he wants to live it and not follow society’s way of how someone is supposed to live. This makes sense coming from Whitman, because he is sort of rebellious in the way he does things and writes poetry. People are always worried about their job, or their fame, hardships in someone’s life is not as important as they are made out to be. Whitman is saying that we cannot simply follow the rules to enjoy life. Sometimes, one has to do things to make themselves happy. No matter how famous or rich someone is, if they do not enjoy what they are doing then there is not a driving force in living. Overall, Walt is saying that if it is not something one enjoys, then do not do it. Do what is going to bring one the most happiness. Me imperturbe has no consistent rhyme scheme or meter, so this poem is written in free verse. This poem’s main theme is to live your life the way you want it to be lived, and how you are living is always changing. With the application of free verse, it follows the poems main theme. Whitman uses repetition in this poem as well. The word â€Å"Me† is used at the beginning of lines 1, 6, and 10; which indicates that he is doing what brings him happiness. Also, throughout this poem, Whitman uses Cadence. While reading this poem, the reader feels as if Whitman is speaking directly to them, for example â€Å"O to be self-balanced for contingencies† (line 10). The letter â€Å"O† indicates that Whitman is speaking to the reader. Whitman also incorporates catalog. For example, â€Å"Finding my occupation, poverty, notoriety, foibles, crimes† (line 4). It is also used to conclude the poem, â€Å"To confront night, storms, hunger, ridicule, accidents, rebuffs† (line 12). Whitman uses diction to get his point across. He applies a lot of descriptive words to describe his love of freedom as opposed to conformity. Words such as â€Å"passive, receptive† (line 3) imply that being free is peaceful and things such as ones job, financial situation, or problems are less important than being free.

Thursday, January 2, 2020

Feminist Criticism on A Dolls House Free Essay Example, 1250 words

At the play’s onset, it is discernible that a woman’s value prop on the fact the she is a homemaker. Nora Helmer enters her house with gifts and a Christmas tree for the celebration’s eve. It is notable that the husband emerges from the study and teases Nora for being spendthrift. Nora, on the other hand, replies that she can only be spendthrift because the husband is having a promotion (Ibsen 9). It emerges that Torvald is the only person working in the household. Nora interestingly takes pride in the success of her husband at the expense of her not engaging in any meaningful activity. Nora confines herself to domestic duties while Torvald Helmer flourishes in his banking career. It seems Nora believes that formal employment should be entirely a man’s affair. She only manifests joy in her husband’s career development. This also manifests in Kristine’s situation. She later confesses to Krogstad about her intentions of leaving him. She says t hat she had left Krogstad because she was looking for material satisfaction in another man. In spite of the fact that she still held feelings for Krogstad, she substituted her intrinsic fulfillment for a life with a rich man she did not love (Malague 109). We will write a custom essay sample on Feminist Criticism on A Dolls House or any topic specifically for you Only $17.96 $11.86/pageorder now At this stage, Kristine does not realize she can look for her own money. In this position, the woman is confined to perpetual financial dependence on a man. The men in Ibsen’s society seem to take women’s feelings for granted. When Torvald realizes Krogstad attempt at blackmailing the family, he abuses Norah. After offending Norah, however, Torvald tell Norah to forget everything that had happened. Torvald says that by forgiving Norah, it becomes an act of love. Although Norah is grieving of Torvald’s abuses, the husband believes it is her duty to repress her feelings for the benefits of the family. In this way, Torvald is unaware of the fact that a woman is an emotional being who requires considerable space to sort her issues. Besides, marriage seems as an institution of convenience rather than as a home for making a better future. Torvald seems to have married Nora because she was an insolent woman who could participate in the building of the family. When Norah is about to leave her household, she tells Torvald that he has never understood her. Torvald has constructed a miniscule world whereby she treats Norah as a child. Norah also says that he has never understood her husband, in this sense, her devotion to the husband is merely a way of satisfying certain social ideals.